Subunit vaccine, types, use and steps of preparation, limitation

A subunit vaccine is a type of vaccine that contains only specific pieces (or subunits) of a virus or bacteria—usually proteins or sugars—that are enough to trigger an immune response without including the whole pathogen. This makes the vaccine safer and reduces the risk of side effects. Source: https://pubs.acs.org/cms/10.1021/jacs.1c06600/asset/images/jacs.1c06600.social.jpeg_v03 Why need Subunit vaccine: problem with

Monoclonal antibodies as diagnostic reagents

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are highly specific and uniform antibodies that are produced from a single clone of plasma (B) cells against a single epitope of an antigen.” It offers a consistent and reproducible reagent for various diagnostic applications. Due to their precision, monoclonal antibodies have revolutionized diagnostic methods in medicine, biotechnology, and research. Diagnosis of