Giemsa staining is a commonly used method in microscopy, particularly in the investigation of blood cells and pathogens. In addition to assisting with disease detection, it offers priceless insights into cellular architecture. We shall examine the purposes, tenets, method, and uses of Giemsa staining in this manual, as well as its benefits, drawbacks, and references.A
Classification of data: Raw data are highly disorganized and often large and bulky, making it difficult to manage and analyze. Drawing meaningful conclusions from such data can be a tedious process, as they do not readily lend themselves to statistical methods. To facilitate systematic statistical analysis, it is essential to properly organize and present this
Hairy root culture is a powerful biotechnological method used for the enhanced production of secondary metabolites in plants. These metabolites, which include alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and phenolics, are often valuable for pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and agricultural industries. Hairy root cultures are typically induced by infection with Agrobacterium rhizogenes (now reclassified as Rhizobium rhizogenes), a soil bacterium
Soxhlet extraction is a classical method widely used in phytochemical studies, food analysis, and environmental investigations. Its design enables a solvent to repeatedly wash over a solid sample, gradually enriching itself with the compounds targeted for extraction. Because the solvent cycles automatically through evaporation, condensation, and siphoning, the method is both efficient and conceptually elegant.
The word biosensor blends two ideas — biology and sensor technology. It represents one of the most exciting outcomes of combining life sciences with electronics and engineering. Simply put, a biosensor is a device that uses a biological element (like an enzyme, antibody, or microorganism) to detect and measure chemical or biological substances. Biosensors have
Quorum sensing is a way bacteria “talk” to each other by sending out and detecting special chemical signals called autoinducers. This helps them figure out how many other bacteria are nearby. When there are enough of them, they work together and turn on certain genes, especially ones that use a lot of energy, so their
A subunit vaccine is a type of vaccine that contains only specific pieces (or subunits) of a virus or bacteria—usually proteins or sugars—that are enough to trigger an immune response without including the whole pathogen. This makes the vaccine safer and reduces the risk of side effects. Source: https://pubs.acs.org/cms/10.1021/jacs.1c06600/asset/images/jacs.1c06600.social.jpeg_v03 Why need Subunit vaccine: problem with
Secondary metabolites are organic compounds produced by organisms (particularly plants, fungi, and microorganisms) that are not directly involved in their growth, development, or reproduction, but often provide ecological advantages. Many of these compounds have important medicinal applications due to their bioactive properties. Types of secondary metabolites Secondary metabolites can be divided into various types or
Microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi require specific nutrients and environmental conditions to grow, which are provided through culture media. Culture media can be liquid (broth) or solid (agar-based). Solid media help in isolating and observing colony morphology, while liquid media are used for growing large volumes of microbial cells or for specific biochemical tests.
Classification of microorganism and taxonomy is one of the important areas in the microbiology field which deals with the classifying organism based on their special characteristics. What are microbes | what is the definition of microbes Importance of Classification and Taxonomy in Microbiology Microorganisms come in many types, and they can look or act very