Soxhlet extraction is a classical method widely used in phytochemical studies, food analysis, and environmental investigations. Its design enables a solvent to repeatedly wash over a solid sample, gradually enriching itself with the compounds targeted for extraction. Because the solvent cycles automatically through evaporation, condensation, and siphoning, the method is both efficient and conceptually elegant.
The word biosensor blends two ideas — biology and sensor technology. It represents one of the most exciting outcomes of combining life sciences with electronics and engineering. Simply put, a biosensor is a device that uses a biological element (like an enzyme, antibody, or microorganism) to detect and measure chemical or biological substances. Biosensors have
Quorum sensing is a way bacteria “talk” to each other by sending out and detecting special chemical signals called autoinducers. This helps them figure out how many other bacteria are nearby. When there are enough of them, they work together and turn on certain genes, especially ones that use a lot of energy, so their
A subunit vaccine is a type of vaccine that contains only specific pieces (or subunits) of a virus or bacteria—usually proteins or sugars—that are enough to trigger an immune response without including the whole pathogen. This makes the vaccine safer and reduces the risk of side effects. Source: https://pubs.acs.org/cms/10.1021/jacs.1c06600/asset/images/jacs.1c06600.social.jpeg_v03 Why need Subunit vaccine: problem with
Secondary metabolites are organic compounds produced by organisms (particularly plants, fungi, and microorganisms) that are not directly involved in their growth, development, or reproduction, but often provide ecological advantages. Many of these compounds have important medicinal applications due to their bioactive properties. Types of secondary metabolites Secondary metabolites can be divided into various types or
Microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi require specific nutrients and environmental conditions to grow, which are provided through culture media. Culture media can be liquid (broth) or solid (agar-based). Solid media help in isolating and observing colony morphology, while liquid media are used for growing large volumes of microbial cells or for specific biochemical tests.
Classification of microorganism and taxonomy is one of the important areas in the microbiology field which deals with the classifying organism based on their special characteristics. What are microbes | what is the definition of microbes Importance of Classification and Taxonomy in Microbiology Microorganisms come in many types, and they can look or act very
Isolation, Purification, and Culture Methods of Microbes is important foundational technique in microbiology. These techniques allow us to study microbes in pure form, essential for diagnostics, research, and industrial applications. Isolation separates a specific microbe from a mixed population; purification ensures the culture is free from contaminants; and culture methods enable the growth and study
Sterilization is an important process in the laboratory process. In previously we have seen the different type of growth medium used for cultivation of microbes. Once we have the desired medium in mind for cultivation of bacteria. we need a contamination free environment and the lab ware for preparation of media. What is Sterilization? Sterilization
In microbiology, growth media (or culture media) refers to the nutrient-rich substances used to grow and support microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, and some viruses in a laboratory setting. Think of it like food for microbes—just as humans need the right diet to grow and stay healthy, microorganisms need the right mix of nutrients to survive